Ethnocentrism is a concept that has shaped societies and human interactions for centuries. It plays a significant role in how individuals perceive and interact with those from different cultural backgrounds. Studying ethnocentrism is essential as it helps us understand both the unity and divisions within and among societies, fostering a deeper comprehension of the world’s diverse cultures.
Ethnocentric is a term used to describe when people judge other cultures based on their own culture’s standards, usually in a way where their own culture is seen in a better light.
In this article, we will explore the historical roots of ethnocentrism, delve into relevant theories, and examine its impacts on today’s world. Through various case studies and examples, we aim to shed light on the importance of addressing ethnocentrism and fostering understanding and appreciation of cultural diversity.
What Makes Someone Ethnocentric?History of EthnocentrismTheories of EthnocentrismEthnocentrism in Today’s WorldEthnocentric Case StudiesThe Impact of EthnocentrismOvercoming EthnocentrismConclusion
What Makes Someone Ethnocentric?
History of Ethnocentrism
Theories of Ethnocentrism
Ethnocentrism in Today’s World
Ethnocentric Case Studies
The Impact of Ethnocentrism
Overcoming Ethnocentrism
Conclusion
person carrying a large flag
Ethnocentrism is the belief that one’s own culture, ethnic group, or nation is fundamentally superior to others.
It’s like wearing glasses tinted with the colors of our own culture and traditions. Through these glasses, we judge and evaluate other cultures based on our ownnorms,values, and standards, often finding them inferior or strange.
When we say someone is ethnocentric, it means that the person primarily judges other groups as per thestandards and customsof his or her own culture. They might not be open to understanding and accepting the diversity of various cultures, which can lead to misinterpretations and conflicts.
Roots of Ethnocentrism
- Upbringing and Environment
A person’s upbringing and environment play a significant role in shaping their views. If someone grows up in a homogeneous community with little exposure to different cultures, they might develop ethnocentric views.
2)Lack of Education and Awareness
Education opens up minds to diversity and inclusiveness. A lack of education and awareness about different cultures can make a person more prone to ethnocentric thinking.
3)Fear of the Unknown
Humanstend to fear what they do not understand. This fear can make someone form biased opinions and stereotypes about people from other cultures, fueling ethnocentric views.
4)Need for Identity and Belonging
People have a fundamental need to belong and identify with a group. This need can make them fiercely loyal to their own culture and less accepting of others, leading to ethnocentric attitudes.
Ethnocentrism vs Ethnocentric
While these terms are related, they have different applications. “Ethnocentrism” is the concept or belief that one’s own culture is superior, while a person who holds such beliefs is described as “ethnocentric.”
In other words, ethnocentrism is the belief system, and being ethnocentric is having those beliefs.
Understanding what makes someone ethnocentric is essential for fostering tolerance and inclusivity. It’s important to be aware of the influences of upbringing, education, fear, and the need for belonging on our perceptions of others. By doing so, we can challenge our biases, embrace diversity, and build a more harmonious world.
Ethnocentrism in Ancient Civilizations
In ancient times, theEgyptiansregarded their land as Kemet, the “black land,” symbolizing fertility and prosperity. They believed themselves to be the chosen people of the gods and coined their territory as the “center of the world”.
Those who were non-Egyptian were perceived as vastly inferior, often labeled as “barbarians” or “desert-dwellers.”
This ethnocentric perspective enabled the Egyptians to build a strong, distinct identity, fostering advances in art, science, and architecture. However, it also resulted in a sense of isolation and occasional conflicts with neighboring civilizations such as the Nubians and the Hittites.
This ethnocentrism was evident in the Hellenistic culture, where Greek ideals and lifestyles were considered the apex of civilization. The city-states like Athens and Sparta showed disdain for non-Greek cultures, deeming them uncivilized and inferior.
These attitudes influenced Greek foreign policies and interactions with neighboring entities such asPersiaandMacedon, often leading to wars and territorial disputes.
China, with its ancient and rich history, conceived itself as the “Middle Kingdom,” representing the center of civilization and culture. Other nations and peoples were seen as peripheral, subordinate, and uncultured.
This ethnocentric outlook contributed to China’s long-lasting cultural heritage, developments in technology, and philosophy. However, it also resulted in periods of isolationism, resistance to foreign influence, and conflicts with neighboring states such as theMongolsand theXiongnu.
Ethnocentrism in the Age of Exploration
The arrival ofChristopher Columbusin the Americas in 1492 marked the beginning of a turbulent era for the indigenous peoples.
This ethnocentric perspective served as a justification forcolonization, forced conversions to Christianity, and exploitation of the indigenous peoples and their resources.
The introduction of European diseases, coupled with forced labor and cultural suppression, left a lasting, detrimental impact on Native American societies, shaping the trajectory of the continents’ histories.
Ethnocentrism played a critical role in the establishment of colonial rule, where the Europeans’ belief in their cultural, religious, and racial superiority justified harsh governance, exploitation of resources, and enslavement of local populations.
The imposition of European values, languages, and institutions had long-term socio-economic, political, and cultural consequences, shaping the dynamics of post-colonial states and sparking struggles for identity and autonomy.
TheBerlin Conferenceof 1884-1885, which formalized the partition, epitomized European ethnocentrism, as no African representatives were present.
The arbitrary borders drawn and the imposition of alien governance systems sowed seeds of ethnic conflicts, economic disparities, and political instability, the ramifications of which are still evident in contemporary Africa.
Japanese Isolationism
Japan, during theEdo period(1603-1868), adopted a policy of Sakoku (closed country), limiting foreign influence and prohibiting international trade. This isolationist stance stemmed from a desire to preserve Japanese culture, traditions, and prevent the spread of Christianity.
The Japanese viewed their land as unique and superior, often referring to it as the “Land of the Gods.” While this ethnocentric viewpoint contributed to internal peace and cultural flourishing, it also led to technological stagnation and hindered international relations until theMeiji Restorationin 1868.
Throughout history, ethnocentrism has been a powerful force, shaping civilizations, influencing international relations, and leaving indelible marks on societies. In ancient civilizations like Egypt, Greece, and China, ethnocentric views fostered cultural development and identity but also resulted in isolation and conflicts.
The Age of Exploration and subsequent colonial era saw a heightened manifestation of ethnocentrism, with European powers and Japan imposing their values and institutions on subjugated peoples, leading to lasting socio-economic, political, and cultural consequences.
Understanding the historical contexts and manifestations of ethnocentrism provides essential insights into its enduring presence and impacts in today’s increasingly interconnected and diverse world.
Cultural Relativism
Cultural relativism is the perspective that all beliefs, customs, and ethics are relative to the individual within their own social context. In other words,“right” and “wrong” are culture-specific; what is considered moral in one society may be considered immoral in another.
Cultural relativism encourages open-mindedness and acceptance, helping individuals understand that different societies have developed different solutions to the universal problems humans face.
Applying cultural relativism enables anthropologists, sociologists, and the general populace to appreciate diverse cultures on their own terms, reducing ethnocentric evaluations of cultural norms and practices.
It helps in recognizing the vast array of cultural expressions and highlights the importance of cultural diversity. However, it also raises questions about universal human rights and moral standards, sparking debates on cultural tolerance and ethical relativism.
An example of cultural relativism is the varied dietary practices worldwide. Eating beef is common in many Western cultures but is considered offensive in Hindu cultures. Similarly, the consumption of pork is prohibited in Islamic and Jewish traditions.
Cultural relativism teaches us to understand these differences within their cultural context, promoting tolerance and respect for diverse ways of life.
Social Identity Theory
This theory is pivotal in explaining how ethnocentrism develops and persists. It highlights the psychological processes that underliein-group favoritismand out-group derogation, illustrating why individuals may exhibit ethnocentric behaviors.
Understanding Social Identity Theory provides insights into intergroup conflicts, prejudice, and the formulation of stereotypes, helping develop interventions to reduce discrimination and promote social harmony.
Social Identity Theory has been applied in various fields such as sociology, psychology, and political science to understand intergroup relations, organizational behavior, and national identity.
It has influenced the development of policies and programs aimed at reducing prejudice and fostering inclusivity in schools, workplaces, and communities. The theory sheds light on the roots of ethnocentrism, enabling a nuanced approach to addressing its manifestations and impacts on societal well-being.
One example illustrating Social Identity Theory is sports team rivalry. Fans identify strongly with their teams (in-group) and may devalue or dislike opposing teams (out-group), showcasing in-group favoritism and out-group derogation. Such dynamics are also evident in national, ethnic, or religious conflicts, where group identification can lead to severe divisions and hostilities.
Ethnocentrism Scale
The development of the Ethnocentrism Scale marked a significant advancement in the study of ethnocentrism. It provided researchers with a standardized method to explore the prevalence, antecedents, and consequences of ethnocentrism in various populations.
The scale has facilitated cross-cultural studies, enabling comparisons of ethnocentrism levels across different societies and contributing to a deeper understanding of the factors that influence intercultural relations.
Researchers and scholars have utilized the Ethnocentrism Scale in numerous studies to explore the relationships between ethnocentrism and various socio-demographic, psychological, and cultural factors.
It has helped identify the conditions under which ethnocentrism flourishes and its impacts on attitudes towards immigration, international relations, and multiculturalism.
The insights gained from research using the Ethnocentrism Scale have informed educational programs, diversity training, and policy development aimed at fostering cultural awareness and tolerance.
Studies employing the Ethnocentrism Scale have found correlations between higher levels of ethnocentrism and lower levels of education, exposure to diverse cultures, and socioeconomic status.
These findings have implications for designing interventions to reduce ethnocentrism and promote inclusive attitudes, highlighting the importance of education and exposure to cultural diversity.
Xenocentrism
Xenocentrism is the belief that another culture is superior to one’s own, often idealizing foreign customs, products, and people while devaluing one’s native culture. It stands in contrast to ethnocentrism, where individuals perceive their own culture as superior.
Xenocentrism provides an intriguing counterpoint to ethnocentrism, offering insights into the variability of cultural attitudes and beliefs. It demonstrates that cultural evaluations are subjective and can swing from one extreme of superiority to the other of inferiority.
Understanding xenocentrism broadens the conversation on cultural relations, bringing attention to the complexities of cultural admiration, adaptation, and assimilation.
The concept of xenocentrism has been applied to analyze trends in consumer behavior, cultural adaptation, and international relations. It has implications for understanding the global diffusion of culture, the popularity of foreign products and brands, and the dynamics of cultural exchange.
Examining xenocentrism sheds light on the motivations behind cultural preferences and the factors that influence perceptions of cultural value and worth.
An example of xenocentrism is the popularity of Western products and lifestyles in various parts of the world. Some individuals may prefer Western clothing, music, or food over their indigenous counterparts, reflecting a belief in the superiority of Western culture.
Such preferences can influence cultural identity, self-esteem, and intercultural relations, making xenocentrism a relevant concept in the study of cultural dynamics.
Cultural Imperialism
Cultural imperialism refers to the domination of one culture over others through various means, such as media, language, education, and economic power. It often results in the erosion of indigenous cultures and the imposition of foreign values, beliefs, and practices.
Cultural imperialism exemplifies a form of systemic ethnocentrism, where thedominating culture imposes its valueson others, often leading to cultural homogenization.
It raises important questions about power dynamics, cultural diversity, and the rights of indigenous peoples. Understanding cultural imperialism is crucial for addressing issues of cultural preservation, autonomy, and resistance against cultural hegemony.
Cultural imperialism has been examined in the context of colonization, globalization, and media influence. It has impacted language use, educational systems, and cultural representations, often privileging the dominant culture and marginalizing local traditions.
Efforts to counteract cultural imperialism involve promoting cultural diversity, supporting indigenous rights, and fostering mutual respect and understanding between different cultures.
Historically, European colonization serves as a stark example of cultural imperialism, with colonizers imposing their languages, religions, and values on indigenous populations.
In contemporary times, the global spread of American media, fashion, and technology exemplifies cultural imperialism, influencing cultural norms and preferences worldwide.
In-group Favoritism and Out-group Derogation
These concepts are foundational in understanding the dynamics of ethnocentrism. They explain why people are inclined to favor their own culture and discriminate against others, providing insights into the mechanisms of bias, stereotype formation, and intergroup conflict.
Understanding these tendencies is essential for developing strategies to reduce prejudice and promote social cohesion.
In-group favoritism and out-group derogation have been studied in various social contexts, including ethnic, racial, religious, and organizational settings.
They have informed interventions aimed at reducing bias and improving intergroup relations, such as diversity training, inclusive education, and community-building initiatives. Addressing these tendencies contributes to building inclusive societies where diversity is valued and respected.
Historical conflicts between different ethnic, religious, or national groups often exhibit patterns of in-group favoritism and out-group derogation.
Summary Of Theories
These theories and concepts offer a multifaceted perspective on ethnocentrism, providing insights into its origins, manifestations, and impacts.
They contribute to a deeper understanding of cultural relations, paving the way for mutual respect, tolerance, and appreciation of diversity in our interconnected world. By exploring these ideas, we can better navigate the complexities of intercultural interactions and work towards a more inclusive and harmonious global community.
Globalization and Cultural Exchange
In the age of globalization, our world is more interconnected than ever, bringing different cultures into close contact. While this has led to increased cultural exchange and mutual understanding, it has also intensified ethnocentric tendencies in some quarters.
People encounter foreign customs, traditions, and values that may challenge their own, leading to both admiration and conflict. Ethnocentrism plays a role in shaping attitudes towards immigration, international trade, and cross-cultural collaboration, influencing political, economic, and social landscapes worldwide.
Social Media and Online Communities
The rise of social media and online communities has given a platform for diverse voices, but it has also facilitated the spread of ethnocentric views. These platforms can act as echo chambers, where individuals are exposed primarily to like-minded opinions, reinforcing their biases and limiting their understanding of other cultures.
Ethnocentrism manifests in online discussions, memes, and content that stereotype and demean people from different cultural backgrounds, contributing to online hostility and division.
Politics and Nationalism
Ethnocentrism is evident in the political realm, where it often intertwines with nationalism. Some political leaders and movements emphasize the superiority of their culture or nation, promoting policies that favor in-group members and marginalize out-groups.
This can be seen in debates over immigration, border control, and national identity, where ethnocentric attitudes shape public opinion and policy decisions. The rise of nationalist sentiments in various countries highlights the persistence of ethnocentrism in shaping political discourse and action.
Education and Awareness
Representation in Media and Entertainment
Media and entertainment industries have a significant impact on shaping cultural perceptions. Historically, these industries have often been criticized for perpetuating ethnocentric stereotypes and underrepresenting diverse cultures.
International Relations and Diplomacy
Ethnocentrism influences international relations and diplomacy, affecting how countries interact and cooperate. Nations often approach negotiations and collaborations with their cultural norms and values in mind, which can lead to misunderstandings and conflicts.
Developing cultural intelligence and fostering mutual respect are crucial for diplomats and leaders in navigating international relations and ensuring peaceful and productive interactions between countries.
Migration and Multicultural Societies
Migration patterns have led to increasingly multicultural societies, where people of different cultures live and work together. While this diversity enriches communities, it also poses challenges, as ethnocentrism can lead to tensions and conflicts between different cultural groups.
Addressing these challenges requires fostering mutual understanding, promoting social cohesion, and creating inclusive spaces where all cultures are valued and respected.
Summary
Ethnocentrism continues to shape our world in various ways, from politics and media to education and international relations.
While it poses challenges to mutual understanding and peaceful coexistence, efforts to promote cultural awareness, inclusivity, and respect are making strides in combating ethnocentrism.
Recognizing the role of ethnocentrism in today’s world is essential for building a more harmonious and inclusive global community, where diversity is celebrated, and all cultures are valued.
1. Rwanda Genocide (1994)
Background:TheRwanda Genocidewas a horrific episode of mass violence that unfolded in the African nation of Rwanda in 1994, resulting in the deaths of approximately 800,000 people, primarily of the Tutsi ethnic group.
Ethnocentrism played a pivotal role in fuelling the tensions between the Hutu majority and the Tutsi minority.
Escalation and Violence:Ethnocentric propaganda, spread through media like Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines (RTLM), dehumanized the Tutsi population, portraying them as a threat to the Hutu community. This rhetoric escalated tensions, leading to the organized and widespread massacre of Tutsis and moderate Hutus, marking one of the darkest chapters in human history.
Aftermath and Reflection:The aftermath of the genocide prompted international reflection on the failure to intervene and prevent the tragedy. The role of ethnocentrism in fuelling hatred and violence became a subject of study and discussion, underscoring the importance of addressing ethnic divides and promoting unity and understanding.
2. Japanese Internment During World War II (1942-1945)
Ethnocentric Fears and Policies:Ethnocentric fears of Japanese Americans as potential spies or saboteurs led to their forced relocation and internment in desolate camps. Families were uprooted, properties were lost, and lives were disrupted, showcasing the detrimental impact of viewing an entire community through an ethnocentric lens.
Legal Challenges and Redress:Several legal challenges, such as Korematsu v. United States, arose but initially failed to overturn the internment. Decades later, the U.S. government acknowledged the injustice, offering a formal apology and reparations to survivors. The case remains a stark reminder of the dangers of ethnocentrism, particularly during times of conflict.
3. Brexit (2016)
Background:Brexitrefers to the United Kingdom’s decision to leave the European Union, following a referendum in 2016. Ethnocentrism played a role in shaping attitudes and opinions on both sides of the debate, influencing perceptions of national identity, sovereignty, and immigration.
Ethnocentrism and Nationalism:For some proponents of Brexit, ethnocentric beliefs about British superiority and a desire to preserve a distinct national identity fueled skepticism towards European integration. Concerns over immigration and the perceived erosion of British culture were prominent themes in the campaign, reflecting ethnocentric sentiments.
Consequences and Reflections:The aftermath of the Brexit vote revealed deep divisions within British society and sparked discussions about nationalism, identity, and the role of ethnocentrism in shaping political decisions. It underscored the significance of understanding and addressing ethnocentric views in a rapidly changing and interconnected world.
4. Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)
Campaigns and Impact:Mass mobilization efforts, such as the Red Guards, targeted intellectuals, traditionalists, and anyone associated with foreign influence or capitalist ideals. Cultural relics, artworks, and books were destroyed, and countless individuals were persecuted, showcasing the destructive potential of ethnocentric ideologies.
Legacy and Lessons:The Cultural Revolution left a deep scar on Chinese society and is now considered a period of turmoil and repression. It serves as a lesson on the dangers of ethnocentrism, highlighting the need for cultural appreciation, diversity, and the protection of human rights.
These case studies demonstrate the profound and varied impacts of ethnocentrism across different times and contexts. They underline the importance of awareness, dialogue, and education in addressing ethnocentric beliefs and fostering mutual understanding and respect among diverse communities. By learning from history, we can work towards a more inclusive and harmonious future for all.
Social Division and Conflict
It sets the stage for stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination, which can escalate into violence and social unrest, as seen in historical events like the Rwanda Genocide.
Hindrance to Cooperation and Progress
By prioritizing one’s own culture and viewing others as inferior, ethnocentrism can hinder cooperation and progress on both individual and international levels.
It can create barriers to diplomatic relations, trade partnerships, and global initiatives, obstructing mutual benefits and advancements. The isolationist tendencies stemming from ethnocentrism can result in missed opportunities for learning, growth, and development.
Undermining Diversity and Multiculturalism
Impact on Individual Identity and Self-Esteem
On a personal level, ethnocentrism can affect individuals’ identity and self-esteem. Those who are targets of ethnocentric attitudes may experience marginalization, exclusion, and a sense of inferiority.
Conversely, those who hold ethnocentric views may develop a false sense of superiority and entitlement, which can lead to insensitivity and a lack of empathy for others.
Economic Consequences
Ethnocentrism can have far-reaching economic consequences. It can limit trade and investment between countries, hinder the integration of global markets, and restrict the movement of labor and resources. By creating a hostile environment for foreign businesses and workers, ethnocentrism can stifle economic growth and innovation.
Educational Implications
In the realm of education, ethnocentrism can lead to a biased curriculum that neglects the contributions and perspectives of various cultures.
It impedes the development of critical thinking and cultural competency among students, limiting their ability to navigate our diverse world. Addressing ethnocentrism in education is crucial for fostering inclusive learning environments and preparing students for global citizenship.
Influence on Media Representation
Media representation is instrumental in shaping public perceptions and attitudes. Ethnocentrism in media can lead to the stereotyping and misrepresentation of different cultures, perpetuating biases and misinformation.
Efforts to challenge ethnocentrism in media are essential for promoting accurate, diverse, and balanced portrayals of the world’s cultures.
The impact of ethnocentrism is multifaceted, affecting individuals, communities, and nations in various ways. It has the potential to divide societies, hinder progress, and undermine the values of diversity and mutual respect.
Recognizing and addressing ethnocentrism is imperative for fostering a more inclusive, harmonious, and interconnected world, where the richness of cultural diversity is celebrated and embraced.
Fostering Cultural Awareness
One of the fundamental steps in overcoming ethnocentrism is fostering cultural awareness.
By educating oneself about the beliefs, values, customs, and histories of different cultures, individuals can develop a deeper appreciation for diversity and break down stereotypes. Schools, colleges, and communities can offer multicultural education and cross-cultural experiences to promote understanding and tolerance.
Encouraging Empathy and Open-mindedness
Cultivating empathy and maintaining an open mind are essential qualities for overcoming ethnocentric views. By putting oneself in another’s shoes and appreciating different perspectives, individuals can transcend cultural boundaries and develop mutual respect.
Open dialogue, active listening, and a willingness to learn are vital components of empathetic and open-minded communication.
Celebrating Diversity and Inclusivity
Embracing and celebrating cultural diversity is a powerful antidote to ethnocentrism. Communities and organizations can host cultural events, festivals, and workshops to showcase the richness of different cultures and foster inclusivity. Recognizing and valuing the contributions of all cultural groups strengthens social cohesion and unity.
Critical Self-reflection
Engaging in critical self-reflection helps individuals identify and challenge their ethnocentric biases and assumptions. By questioning one’s beliefs and attitudes, individuals can develop a more nuanced and balanced worldview. This self-awareness is the foundation for personal growth and positive change in attitudes towards cultural diversity.
Media Literacy and Responsible Representation
Media literacy education empowers individuals to critically analyze media content, identify biases, and seek diverse sources of information. Encouraging responsible representation in media, with fair and accurate portrayals of different cultures, counters ethnocentric narratives and promotes balanced perspectives.
Cross-cultural Communication and Collaboration
Enhancing cross-cultural communication skills and fostering international collaboration are instrumental in overcoming ethnocentrism. Learning languages, participating in exchange programs, and engaging in global projects facilitate intercultural interactions and mutual understanding. Building bridges between cultures contributes to a more harmonious and interconnected world.
Advocacy and Social Action
Individuals and groups can advocate for policies and practices that promote cultural diversity and equality. By raising awareness of the detrimental effects of ethnocentrism and working towards social justice, communities can create inclusive environments where everyone’s cultural heritage is valued and respected.
Overcoming ethnocentrism requires concerted efforts at individual, community, and institutional levels. By fostering cultural awareness, encouraging empathy, celebrating diversity, and advocating for inclusivity, we can challenge ethnocentric views and build a world where every culture is appreciated for its unique contributions.
This journey towards overcoming ethnocentrism paves the way for a more understanding, tolerant, and united global community.
Ethnocentrism, the belief in the inherent superiority of one’s own ethnic group or culture and the corresponding disdain for all other groups, has shaped human history, societies, and interactions in profound ways.
Through a journey across diverse historical episodes, theories, case studies, and real-world applications, we have explored the multifaceted nature of ethnocentrism and its far-reaching impacts on individuals and communities.
From the devastating consequences seen in events like the Rwanda Genocide and the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II, to the social and political ramifications witnessed in Brexit and the Chinese Cultural Revolution, ethnocentrism has been a recurring theme, challenging our notions of diversity, equity, and mutual respect.
It has influenced economic landscapes, education systems, media representation, and personal identities, highlighting the urgent need for awareness and intervention.
However, as we navigated through the intricacies of ethnocentrism, we also discovered the potential for change and growth. Strategies such as fostering cultural awareness, encouraging empathy, celebrating diversity, and advocating for inclusivity have illuminated paths towards overcoming ethnocentric biases and building bridges of understanding.
The role of critical self-reflection, media literacy, and cross-cultural communication cannot be understated in shaping a more harmonious and interconnected world.
While ethnocentrism continues to be a complex and pervasive challenge, the collective pursuit of knowledge, empathy, and action offers hope for a future where every culture is valued and respected.
The responsibility lies with each of us to learn from the past, embrace the richness of our global tapestry, and contribute to a world where diversity is not just tolerated but celebrated as the foundation of our shared humanity.
By acknowledging our biases, seeking understanding, and advocating for equality, we can counteract ethnocentrism and foster a more inclusive, empathetic, and united global community.
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Reference this article:Practical Psychology. (2023, September).Ethnocentric Bias In Psychology (Examples + Solutions).Retrieved from https://practicalpie.com/ethnocentric-in-psychology/.Practical Psychology. (2023, September). Ethnocentric Bias In Psychology (Examples + Solutions). Retrieved from https://practicalpie.com/ethnocentric-in-psychology/.Copy
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